Term Paper Examples With PDF

<h1>Term Paper Examples With PDF</h1><p>The craft of exploratory writing is an aptitude which can be learned by taking courses in school, anyway a decent hard working attitude is the principle fixing that will make everything advantageous. The understudies who get a degree in experimental writing can hope to fill in as paper authors and expert article scholars or book reviewers.</p><p></p><p>Creativity is the key. This is the reason an understudy can hope to gain a Ph.D. in Creative Writing on the off chance that the person in question can deliver special and rousing works of composing. Moreover, they will make the most of their work enormously as they begin making a name for themselves.</p><p></p><p>If an imaginative author is given a stay with four work areas, two work areas are utilized for experimental writing assignments while the other two work areas are utilized for specialized composition. The inventive essayis t is likewise expected to complete their task inside a specific cutoff time. The understudy who is given this task will be required to utilize any instrument that is accessible on the computer.</p><p></p><p>The understudy should have the option to work with Microsoft Word and a suitable Word program and this can be gotten to from their PCs just as those of their instructing aides. They can work in a joint effort with their educators just as with their individual cohorts as there are many programming applications that help them to make a site and to present a paper to a school or college.</p><p></p><p>A great website specialist can give the understudy formats for online site page plan which will assist them with creating exceptionally alluring web compositions. They will be required to plan an example site which will at that point be submitted to the college or school as a composed assignment.</p><p></p><p>Studen ts will have the alternative of enlisting for a course that would assist them with writing articles and to make incredible reports. There will be talks and assignments that will be given to the understudies who need to do some examination. Also, they can be relied upon to direct a free examination just as a seminar.</p><p></p><p>The understudies who settle on this course will be required to set up a unique paper and this will be tried and decided by the staff all in all. The understudy who finds the subject of their paper intriguing and applicable will be considered for being suggested for an instructor's job.</p>

What Not to Do in Your College Essay

What Not to Do in Your College EssayWriting a college essay is not the easiest thing to do. It is challenging and requires a lot of thought and creativity. If you are having trouble with your college essay writing skills, then here are some of the most common mistakes that people make.The first mistake that people make is to write a very long paragraph that ends up not saying anything. Many times people try to rush their thoughts onto the page and do not follow them properly. The wrong way to write a paragraph is to just write a lengthy sentence followed by a single, but lengthy paragraph.The second mistake that people make is that they do not read the paragraphs that they write, as well as the sentences that they write. This is especially important if you are going over an essay that you wrote last year that you just started reading.The third mistake that people make is to overuse adjectives when writing about themselves or their college. In other words, you will want to limit yours elf to only using one or two adjectives when talking about yourself. Do not use a single adjective twice in a paragraph.The fourth mistake that people make is to not use very detailed descriptions when describing their lives and careers in their college essay. People want to be able to remember these things and not be so vague about what they are doing, when they were in college.The fifth mistake that people make is to use very specific examples when writing about themselves or what they have done. Most college students are very good at expressing themselves when they are writing. However, if you are writing about yourself, do not go into great detail. The sixth mistake that people make is to not break their essay up in sections. As a college student, you are required to do a certain amount of writing in a certain amount of time. Therefore, you must be organized when you are writing.These are just a few of the many mistakes that people make when writing their college essays. By foll owing the tips listed above, you will be much better off in being able to write a great college essay.

Essay Topics - How to Write a Great Essay Topic

Essay Topics - How to Write a Great Essay TopicThe structure of a logical argument is one that requires the logic of issues to be related through some logical divisions of issues. This requires an understanding of the underlying problems and solutions through divisions of topics that may not have a single correct answer, but that each solution has multiple sides to it. It is not that the steps are arranged in a logical sequence in such a way that you arrive at a certain solution, but that the steps have logical divisions that may be taken one after another, and the steps can then be rejoined into a bigger logical scheme by following the new logical division of issues.When writing an essay, one of the most important parts of a logical division of ideas is the use of 'dotted' lines. This requires that the ideas that go together must be shown to have parallel ideas, with the most important idea at the top of the two ideas, then the first idea, the second idea, the third idea, etc. In so me cases, the ideas themselves will be very short and simple, and so this simply requires highlighting the ideas together to demonstrate the similarities between them.It is also important to know that there are basic principles that must be applied to all the issues that are being presented. For example, the ideas and arguments presented on divorce must be proving true and right to defend the idea that an individual cannot be legally separated from the person that they love. The ideas and arguments on crime, no matter how powerful, must still fall under the 'understanding' of that first idea: crime and punishment must be a part of public safety and well-being.So when it comes to essay topics, a reader must be aware of how things might intermingle and connect in order to make a common theme, and how things might get organized through logical divisions that will support the basic ideas that the essay is taking on. As long as these connections are there a logical progression will be ma de in an essay, that will eventually lead to a complete solution to an issue.If there are arguments that connect through logical division of ideas, they must be taken in by the reader, and hopefully someone who has an interest in a topic can follow along and bring up an idea of their own that will bring those arguments even closer together. If the reader can do this, then the essay will get to its conclusion, and that conclusion will be a logical one.Logic can be used in essay topics to produce the right answer, but the way that it is used is to be in the proper order and to follow a logical plan of what should come next. If one misses the assignment of this, the solution could not be right, and so it would make the argument redundant. These will always be questions that you need to answer in the end, and so it is important to keep the lessons to a logical end, and to let the logical arguments dictate where to go from there.As you work through your logical questions, they should be answered logically, and so a logical division of ideas will be one that is in line with the question and can then be connected to a logical conclusion that can be applied to the question itself. Some examples of logical topics include the conflict between socialism and capitalism, or those that are successful and those that are not. Remember that each of these ideas has a different logical path to it, and that each of them should be thought out and studied carefully before you try to explain them to someone else.

Throughout a lifetime, only so much conflict could be bore...

Throughout a lifetime, only so much conflict could be bore upon oneself. There is always a breaking point, the important aspect is the timing. From my story Wuthering Heights to Beowulf and Canterbury Tales there are conflicts that have been exaggerated and then blown to preposterous proportions. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight there are conflicts between man and man just like there are in the world we live in today. Conflicts in books or stories could show what is going on in the real world or what an author is thinking and making up.In Wuthering Heights there could be two different conflicts man vs. man, with the conflict between Heathcliff and Edgar, as well as a conflict of man vs. self, with the inner conflict that Catherine faces†¦show more content†¦Heathcliff is the only character who is considered a hero at all, but only to the audience in a romantic hero kind of perspective (Wuthering Heights). In the novel Heathcliff abuses a young woman named Isabella Linton, the selfish snotty sister of Edgar, and she continuously goes back to Heathcliff. To the audience Heathcliff is the young man who everyone wants to see as the romantic hero, allowing them to foresee the pain and violence he causes to Isabella. Only with the deception of Heathcliff Wuthering Heights has a hero, there are no other ways to try and make a hero. Even with one hero the entire story seemed to be wrapped around only three people and only one love. The one love blossomed upon the arrival of Heathcliff into the home of the Earnshaws. Heathcliff was brought into the home by Mr. Earnshaw, who in turn sparked the love of the young children. Upon the death of Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley Earnshaw, the son of Mr. Earnshaw and brother of Catherine, treated Heathcliff more like a servant than a equal. The sparks behind the madness of Hindley was the way Mr. Earnshaw began to adore Heathcliff over Hindley, which made Hindley jealous (Hindley Earnshaw). During all of the past actions, Cathe rine and Heathcliff were obliviant due to the fun they had together at young ages, which began the love they would soon share. When Catherine and Heathcliff were young they did not expand their small circleShow MoreRelatedPsychosexual Development and Human Sexuality1546 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of the human race, and even more so today, our own sexuality has become topic for hot debate. Questions of why people prefer on gender over the other, or why some people take pleasure in activities others consider strange. To understand how and why people display certain sexual tendencies it is important to look at how they developed and the type of history a person has. Despite popular belief, not all gay men have been sexually abused as children. Two key players in understandingRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 PagesChallenges for the 21st Century PETER F. DRUCKER Contents Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues 1 Management’s New Paradigms 2 Strategy—The New Certainties 3 The Change Leader 4 Information Challenges 5 Knowledge-Worker Productivity 6 Managing Oneself Acknowledgments About the Author Books By Peter F. 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It has been said that Wordsworths Lucy poems have more differences than similarities Essay Example For Students

It has been said that Wordsworths Lucy poems have more differences than similarities Essay They were written chiefly with a view to ascertain how far the language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adapted to the purposes of poetic pleasure. (William Wordsworth, Preface to The Lyrical Ballads). Unlike poets before him, who wrote poetry solely based upon classical subjects, Wordsworth wanted his poetry to imitate the actions and thoughts of people like himself. He also wrote poems containing personal subject matter, such as the group of poems known as the Lucy poems, written in conjunction with Samual Coleridge. This made his work strangely revolutionary at the time. This and the simple language of these poems (The Lyrical Ballads, 1798) show Wordsworth being extremely daring with his wish to get them published. The Lyrical Ballads were simply nothing like anyone had ever read before. The poems were intended as a revolution, as explained by Wordsworth in the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads. These poems are grouped together in The Lyrical Ballads, for many different reasons. The form the poems have is very similar. Four of the poems are made up of a number of quatrains with a rhyming pattern of A-B-A-B. The fifth poem, Three years she grew, is less direct. It is made up of sextets with rhyming pattern A-A-B-C-C-B. These regular rhythms to the poems add to the sense of similarity and also to the simplicity of the poems. The simplicity of the language Wordsworth uses is present in all of the poems, however one poem in particular is more elaborate than the others. The word order in Strange fits of passion is more complicated than in I travelled among unknown men. This is used to emphasise the words at the end of the sentence; and wayward thoughts will slide. Wordsworth aimed for this simplicity of language. Its almost child-like which was contrary to poets before Wordsworths time. Also unlike poetry before was the nature of the subject matter. Wordsworth wrote of his personal feelings. These poems are grouped together because they all focus on Wordsworths sense of loss for Lucy. He uses one particular method of doing this at the end of She dwelt among. He uses an apostrophe; and, oh the difference to me. This is also the very last sentence of this poem. It is also the first time he mentions himself. The apostrophe is used to emphasise the word me, but also to mimic a sobbing rhythm, which emphasises t he sense of loss he feels for Lucy. The poem, She dwelt among, concentrates solely on Lucy. Apart from the last word, the poem serves as an introduction to Lucy, informing us of Wordsworths feelings for her and also informing us that she is dead. This is different from the other poems as they mainly concentrate on Wordsworth and mostly mention Lucy only once or two times. This fact leads me to believe that this could be the first Lucy poem and is an introduction to the others. Conversely, the rhyming pattern and more elaborate language Wordsworth uses in Three years she grew, makes me think that this was not intended to be part of the same group as the other Lucy poems despite the similar subject matter. Wordsworth shows a strong sense of the natural world around him in all of his Lucy poems. This is one of the main recurring themes included in the poems. There is often nature speaking; Then Nature said, A lovelier flower' This is in Three years she grew. Wordsworth also uses this in Strange fits of passion. Here there is a preface to nature, What once to me befell, lasting one stanza, then a conclusion in the final stanza, What fond and wayward thoughts will slide. This encloses five quatrains of Wordsworth noticing the nature around him; All over the wide lea. In She dwelt among, Wordsworth says, A violet by a mossy stone half-hidden from the eye! this emphasises the sense of something only half being there, Thy mornings showed, thy nights concealed. When Wordsworth writes about this emotion he is referring to Lucy being dead, But shes in her grave, but part of her still existing in his mind, the memory of what has been. The poems also place Lucy in part of a balanced system in ear ths diurnal course. This is achieved principally in Three years she grew. Wordsworth achieves this by using a stanza full of oxymorons. Law and impulse, and glade and bower, are two examples. Wordsworth also describes Lucy as a rose in June in Strange fits of passion. By comparing Lucy to a rose he is telling us that as roses in June dont last, Lucy wont last. This is contrary to the violet in She dwelt among, which is a rare flower signifying Lucys beauty and bashfulness. In Strange fits of passion, Wordsworth mentions an orchard-plot. This may represent a likeness to the Garden of Eden, which in turn signifies Wordsworths feelings that Lucy is heavenly, almost goddess-like status. In this poem, Strange fits of passion, there is a strong sense of attachment to the landscape emphasised by the continuous reference to the hill, and the wide lea. In the same poem, Wordsworth brings in a very tight focus on ordinary things and makes them seem special; My horse moved on, hoof after hoof. This is induced by: one of those sweet dreams. A Comparison of Love Poetry EssayIt is about a one-way emotional exchange between Wordsworth and Lucy. This is different from She dwelt among which does not speak of Wordsworths emotions. Both stanzas are also to do with passage of time; The touch of earthly years. There is also no sense of location in the poem. Differing to these poems is the poem Strange fits of passion. This poem commences with a preface to the narrative. This narrative tells of an actual event (Wordsworth approaching Lucys cottage on his horse), And, as we climbed the hill. As they climb the hill, Wordsworth says: Those paths so dear to me. This is a sharp contrast to the untrodden ways. In the conclusion to this narrative, in the final stanza, we see Wordsworth worrying about Lucy. We find out that she is not actually already dead; If Lucy should be dead! this is also a contrast to the other poems where Lucy is already dead. This adds drama and suspense to the poem, which entices the reader. I think this is a key effect, which makes this poem different from the other Lucy poems. The poem I travelled among unknown men, brings in a third party which none of the other poems have. What love I bore to thee. Here, Wordsworth isnt talking about Lucy. He is in fact speaking of his love for England. He has gone to France but realised how much he misses his homeland and what it contains, Lucy. He uses personification to describe England, to love thee more and more. I think that this works well in conjunction with his effective use of metaphor and simile when describing Lucy. It also brings variation into the Lucy poems, which works to differentiate this poem from the others. The way in which Wordsworth varies Three years she grew is to use a different rhyming pattern and by using sextets in place of quatrains. I think this makes the poem differ too much from the others and I would not include it in the same group as the four other Lucy poems. It also is narrative, but it is nature narrating; This child I to myself will take. This means it is less about Wordsworths feelings which makes it differ. This shows that the poems contradict each other in many ways. Lucy is the only real constant in each of the poems. Lucy is the person with which the poems are concerned. But who is Lucy? To find out we need to examine the evidence presented in the poems. There are many clues presented to us as to Lucys life. As to her age, a maid (meaning virgin). This implies that she is young. However, she is old enough to have a profession and work as a spinner Turned her wheel. She does this in her own house, Lucys cottage, which is perhaps in solitude away from any of her family and friends: she lived unknown, and very few to love. We also find out that Wordsworth was having a relationship with her: The joy of my desire. If Wordsworth was writing about a real-life love, she could have been perhaps Annette Vallon, the women he had a relationship with while in France. However evidence in I travelled among unknown men (in France) points to Lucy being in England: Thy mornings showed thy nights concealed, the bowers where Lucy played. It might also have been Mary Hutchinson, his future wife. Some people also say that Lucy is really Dorothy, his sister. It is also thought that Wordsworth was, consciously or not, having some feelings for her. His extreme guilt at such feelings explains why Lucy is killed off in the poems! However, I prefer to think of Lucy as, above all, one or more imaginary creations of Wordsworths own fertile psyche. It is obvious to me that there are many similarities and also many differences between these poems. I believe that these differences were inevitable in order to make the poems as varied as possible but at the same time intending them to be taken as a group. This groups intention was to describe figments of Wordsworths imagination known only to us as Lucy.

What are Cultural Differences in Management

Introduction Cultural differences in management are examined by business administrators, psychologists, and even anthropologists. This report is aimed at examining several questions that are related to this topic. In particular, it is necessary to provide a definition of cross-cultural management. Furthermore, one should provide examples that can illustrate the cultural peculiarities of management.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on What are Cultural Differences in Management? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, one should focus on such aspects as the behavior of employees, leadership style, and interactions between people who represent various levels of the workplace hierarchy. Much attention should be paid to the strategies that can help managers to work in a multicultural environment. Overall, business administrators should remember about cultural differences in people’s values, worldviews, or attitudes toward work, risk, achievement and so forth. This knowledge can be derived from various psychological studies. Yet, they should remember that conventional classifications of cultures are not always relevant because individual and cultural values are not necessarily similar. The origins and definition of cultural management The importance of cultural peculiarities began to attract the attention of managers at the time when many American and European companies moved to developing countries. Business administrators understood that many of the conventional techniques could be applied to different business cultures. For example, one can speak about the challenges that American businesses faced in India (Gopalan Stahl 1998, p. 30). These problems gave rise to the development of such a discipline as cross-cultural management. This notion can be defined as the method which enables the management to incorporate the representatives of different cultures in the organization (Thomas 2008). Moreover, this discipline helps managers make sure that cultural differences do not impair the performance of a business. Cultural differences in management Initially, the researchers attempted to construct a model of universal values that can appeal to people who can represent various cultures (Schwartz 1994). For example, Shalom Schwartz (1994) introduces such a model which is based on the empirical findings.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, some authors advocate the idea of creating a global culture in which employees, who have various ethnic or national backgrounds, are accustomed to working with one another (Levy, Taylor, Boyacigiller 2010). Furthermore, researchers speak about the need to maintain the corporate culture which enabled an organization to achieve success (Levy, Taylor, Boyacigiller 2010). The main limitation of this approach is that it d oes not help managers predict the potential difficulties related to cultural differences. This is why modern researchers attempt to construct an alternative approach to this issue. Overall, scholars believe that it is necessary to distinguish various elements of culture, namely values, rituals, or symbols (Kandola 2008, p. 37). These are the main aspects that researchers focus on. In turn, business administrators should understand how these differences in values or attitudes manifest themselves in the workplace (Jackson 2011). The explanations of cultural differences in management closely are based on the model developed by Geert Hofstede (1993). This model implies that there are certain dimensions which characterize a culture. For instance, one can mention uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism, or masculinity (Hofstede 1993). In turn, they shape cultural differences in management. For example, in Western companies, managers and employees are more likely to accept ris ks; yet, this behavior is not always displayed by people working in Chinese companies (Hofstede, 1993, p. 90). This issue should be taken into account by people working in companies in which different cultures are represented. For instance, they should remember that some of their initiatives may not be readily supported by their colleagues, but it does not mean that these initiatives are flawed (Hofstede, 1993, p. 90). Moreover, one can speak about power distance. For example, in the United Kingdom, people, who represent various levels in the workplace hierarch, are more likely to treat one another as equals. In contrast, in South Korea, executives and subordinates are more likely to recognize the differences in their position or status. Thus, business administrators should consider these differences in order to avoid such pitfalls as rudeness. Overall, Hofstede’s theory is based on empirical observations, but in the course of several decades, this approach has been modified several times.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on What are Cultural Differences in Management? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are many empirical studies that are aimed at examining the impact of cultural dimensions of management. For instance, business administrators, who come from Western countries, should know that risk-taking in Asian organizations is not always tolerated (Kreiser, Marino, Dickson 2010, p. 978). These studies incorporate the data collected in different business environments. Therefore, managers, who come from American or European companies, should not expect that their subordinates will be willing to take independent steps (Kreiser, Marino, Dickson 2010). This is why these distinctions should not be overlooked. Moreover, managers should take into account that people, who represent different cultures, have different humor styles (Kalliny, Cruthirds, Minor 2006). In many cases, manager s rely on jokes to motivate employees. Yet, some of the jokes can be misunderstood; furthermore, they can be offensive. Additionally, much attention should be paid to leadership qualities. William Judge (2001) believes that leadership strategies differ dramatically across cultures. The comparison of American and Taiwanese CEOs indicates that these professionals have different attitudes toward their professional and personal lives. For example, American CEOs attach importance to achievement and self-of respect, while their Taiwanese counterparts attach more importance to equality, wisdom, and pleasure (Judge 2001, p. 69). This comparison is derived from self-reports of corporate executives. Thus, managers and employees should bear in mind that these executives can set different expectations for their subordinates. Moreover, it is important to remember about the differences in communication styles. In Western business cultures, people are willing to start the most problematic issues a s soon as possible (‘Indirect communication’, 2001). Such behavior can be observed among many managers and employees. In contrast, in China and other Asian countries, one should first start with an indirect question and then proceed to specific tasks (‘Indirect communication’, 2001). Therefore, managers should change the way in which they interact with their colleagues or subordinates.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, such studies are primarily based on the experiences of separate business administrators, but such arguments should not be generalized. This is one of the limitations that should be overlooked because it can diminish the validity of research. Apart from that, managers should take into account that employees from various countries respond to stressors in different ways (Dbaibo Harb 2010, p. 19). For example, Lebanese employees are not likely to experience stress if they see that their values do not coincide with the values of their co-workers (Dbaibo Harb 2010). In turn, managers should try to emulate the behavior of these people. For instance, they should attach importance to communication style and etiquette. This is one of the suggestions that can be of some use to managers. While discussing the cultural differences in management, researchers focus on various aspects. For example, Joyce Osland and Allan Bird focus on the need to re-evaluate the validity of cultural stereotyping (2000, p. 65). In particular, these researchers critique the validity of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and provide examples contradict this theory. For instance, they mention that Japanese managers can take risky decisions, even despite their alleged uncertainty avoidance (Osland Bird 2000, p. 65). Thus, one should pay more attention to the context in which a specific behavior is displayed. One should not suppose that individuals always follow cultural patterns of behavior. Although the scholars do not conduct an empirical study, they provide many valuable observations regarding cross-cultural differences and stereotypes. Moreover, business administrators should keep in mind that cultures are not homogeneous (McSweeney 2002, p. 113). The behavior of employees strongly depends on their age or gender (McSweeney 2002, p. 113). Therefore, one should not suppose that conventional classifications of different business cultures are always accurate. Admittedly, there i s a significant overlap between personal and cultural values (Fischer Poortinga 2012, p. 167). Yet, one should not forget that cultures can evolve with time passing. This is one of the main issues that can be distinguished since it is critical for avoiding various pitfalls such as stereotyping. Discussion Overall, each of the articles can throw light on the peculiarities of cultural differences in management. It is possible to identify three approaches. One of them is premised on the idea that a management can create a universal business culture that can be shared by every employee. The second framework implies that there are cultural dimensions which can be accurately measured. Thus, it is possible to predict the behavior of people and minimize the risk of misunderstanding. In turn, many authors suggest that cultural and personal values may not be similar. Such researchers do not overlook the findings of anthropologists or psychologists who show that there are certain values or at titudes which are typical of a certain culture. However, they almost set stress on such variables as age, sex, or linguistic competence of employees. They advocate such policies as on-site cultural training of expatriates, critical evaluation of stereotypes about various countries, or the use of empirical studies related to various business cultures (Osland Bird 2000). Moreover, managers should reflect on the impact of context on the behavior of a person. This approach can help a business to develop the most effective approaches to cross-cultural management. Conclusion Overall, the examples discussed in this paper shows that the work of managers is strongly shaped by cultural environment of a country. These differences can be explained to people’s attitudes toward risk, power distance, uncertainty, and other factors. Moreover, managers should pay attention to people’s perception of stress and the things that motivate them. Yet, they should also remember that cultures are not static, and individual behavior may not be consistent with the dominant stereotypes about a culture. Such stereotypes can also be dangerous because they can prevent managers from understanding the behavior of employees. These are the main issues that should be taken into account. References Dbaibo, D Harb, C 2010, ‘Values and Justice as Predictors of Perceived Stress in Lebanese Organisational Settings’, Applied Psychology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1-19. Fischer, R Poortinga, Y 2012, ‘Are cultural values the same as the values of individuals? An examination of similarities in personal, social, and cultural value structures’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 157-170. Gopalan, S Stahl, A 1998, ‘Application of American Management Theories and Practices to the Indian Business Environment: Understanding the Impact of National Culture’, American Business Review, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 30-41. Hofstede, G 1993 ‘Cultural constraints in management theories’, Academy of Management Executive, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 81-94. Jackson, T 2011, ‘Journal of Organizational Change Management Emerald Article: From cultural values to cross-cultural interfaces: Hofstede goes to Africa’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 532-558. Judge, W 2001, ‘Is a Leader’s Character Culture-Bound or Culture-Free? An Empirical Comparison of the Character Traits of American and Taiwanese CEOs’, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 65-80. ‘Indirect communication and indirect leadership in Asia’ 2001, GlobThink, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-4. Levy, O, Taylor, S Boyacigiller, N 2010, Global expansion dilutes winning corporate Cultures, http://www.financialpost.com/Global+expansion+dilutes+winning+corporate+cultures/3459637/story.html. Kalliny, M, Cruthirds, K, Minor, M 2006, ‘Differences between American, Egyp tian and Lebanese Humor Styles Implications for International Management’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 121-134. Kandola, B 2008, â€Å"Understanding cultural differences in global organizations’, Cultural Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 37-38. Kreiser, P, Marino, L, Dickson, P 2010, ‘Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking and Proactiveness in SMEs’, ETP, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 959-983. McSweeney, B 2002, ‘Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: Atriumph of faith – a failure of analysis’, Human Relations, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 89-118. Osland, J Bird, A 2000, ‘Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sense-making in context’, Academy of Management Executives, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 65-77. Schwartz, S 1994, ‘Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values? ’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 19-45. Thomas, D 2008, Cross-Cultural Management: Essential Concepts, SAGE Publications, New York. This report on What are Cultural Differences in Management? was written and submitted by user DeaconFrost to help you with your own studies. 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Henry Ford and the Auto Assembly Line

Henry Ford and the Auto Assembly Line Cars changed the way people lived, worked, and enjoyed leisure time; however, what most people don’t realize is that the process of manufacturing automobiles had an equally significant impact on the industry. The creation of the assembly line by Henry Ford at his Highland Park plant, introduced on December 1, 1913, revolutionized the automobile industry and the concept of manufacturing worldwide. The Ford Motor Company Henry Ford was not a newcomer to the business of automobile manufacturing. He built his first car, which he christened the â€Å"Quadricycle,† in 1896. In 1903, he officially opened the Ford Motor Company and five years later released the first Model T. Although the Model T was the ninth automobile model Ford created, it would be the first model which would achieve wide popularity. Even today, the Model T remains an icon for the still-existing Ford Motor Company. Making the Model T Cheaply Henry Ford had a goal of making automobiles for the multitudes. The Model T was his answer to that dream; he wanted them to be both sturdy and cheap. In an effort to make Model T’s cheaply at first, Ford cut out extravagances and options. Buyers couldn’t even choose a paint color; they were all black. By the end of production, however, the cars would be available in a wide variety of colors and with a wide variety of custom bodies. The cost of the first Model T was set at $850, which would be approximately $21,000 in today’s currency. That was cheap, but still not cheap enough for the masses. Ford needed to find a way to cut down the price even further. Highland Park Plant In 1910, with the aim of increasing manufacturing capacity for the Model T, Ford built a new plant in Highland Park, Michigan. He created a building that would be easily expanded as new methods of production were incorporated. Ford consulted with Frederick Taylor, creator of scientific management, to examine the most efficient modes of production. Ford had previously observed the assembly line concept in slaughterhouses in the Midwest and was also inspired by the conveyor belt system that was common in many grain warehouses in that region. He wished to incorporate these ideas into the information Taylor suggested to implement a new system in his own factory. One of the first innovations in production that Ford implemented was the installation of gravity slides that facilitated the movement of parts from one work area to the next. Within the next three years, additional innovative techniques were incorporated and, on December 1, 1913, the first large-scale assembly line was officially in working order. Assembly Line Function The moving assembly line appeared to the onlooker to be an endless contraption of chains and links that allowed Model T parts to swim through the sea of the assembly process. In total, the manufacturing of the car could be broken down into 84 steps. The key to the process, however, was having interchangeable parts. Unlike other cars of the time, every Model T produced on Fords line used the exact same valves, gas tanks, tires, etc. so that they could be assembled in a speedy and organized fashion. Parts were created in mass quantities and then brought directly to the workers who were trained to work at that specific assembly station. The chassis of the car was pulled down the 150-foot line by a chain conveyor and then 140 workers applied their assigned parts to the chassis. Other workers brought additional parts to the assemblers to keep them stocked; this reduced the amount of time workers spent away from their stations to retrieve parts. The assembly line significantly decreased the assembly time per vehicle and increased the profit margin. Assembly Line Customization As time passed, Ford used assembly lines more flexibly than he is generally given credit for. He used multiple parallel lines in a start-stop mode to adjust output to large demand fluctuations. He also used sub-systems which optimized extraction, transportation, production, assembly, distribution, and sales supply chain systems.   Perhaps his most useful and neglected innovation was the development of a way to mechanize production and yet customize the configuration of each Model T as it rolled off the block. Model T production had a core platform, a chassis consisting of engine, pedals, switches, suspensions, wheels, transmission, gas tank, steering wheel, lights, etc. This platform was continually being improved. But the body of the car could be any one of several types of vehicles: auto, truck, racer, woody wagon, snowmobile, milk wagon, police wagon, ambulance, etc.  At peak, there were eleven basic model bodies, with 5,000 custom gadgets that were manufactured by external companies that could be selected by the customers. Impact of the Assembly Line on Production The immediate impact of the assembly line was revolutionary. The use of interchangeable parts allowed for continuous workflow and more time on task by laborers. Worker specialization resulted in less waste and a higher quality of the end product. Sheer production of the Model T dramatically increased. The production time for a single car dropped from over 12 hours to just 93 minutes due to the introduction of the assembly line. Ford’s 1914 production rate of 308,162 eclipsed the number of cars produced by all other automobile manufacturers combined. These concepts allowed Ford to increase his profit margin and lower the cost of the vehicle to consumers. The cost of the Model T would eventually drop to $260 in 1924, the equivalent of approximately $3,500 today. Impact of the Assembly Line on Workers The assembly line also drastically altered the lives of those in Ford’s employ. The workday was cut from nine hours to eight hours so that the concept of the three-shift workday could be implemented with greater ease. Although hours were cut, workers did not suffer from lower wages; instead, Ford nearly doubled the existing industry-standard wage and began paying his workers $5 a day. Ford’s gamble paid off- his workers soon used some of their pay increases to purchase their own Model Ts. By the end of the decade, the Model T had truly become the automobile for the masses that Ford had envisioned. The Assembly Line Today The assembly line is the primary mode of manufacturing in the industry today. Automobiles, food, toys, furniture, and many more items pass down assembly lines worldwide before landing in our homes and on our tables. While the average consumer does not think of this fact often, this 100-year-old innovation by a car manufacturer in Michigan changed the way we live and work forever. Sources and Further Reading Alizon, Fabrice, Steven B. Shooter, and Timothy W. Simpson. Henry Ford and the Model T: Lessons for Product Platforming and Mass Customization. Design Studies 30.5 (2009): 588–605. Print.Upward, Geoffrey C. A Home for Our Heritage: The Building and Growth of Greenfield Village and Henry Ford Museum. Dearborn, Michigan: The Henry Ford Museum Press, 1979. Print.Wilson, James M. Henry Ford Vs. Assembly Line Balancing. International Journal of Production Research 52.3 (2014): 757–65. Print.